{"id":2259,"date":"2024-07-26T00:51:30","date_gmt":"2024-07-26T00:51:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/178.128.235.10\/?page_id=2259"},"modified":"2024-07-26T00:51:55","modified_gmt":"2024-07-26T00:51:55","slug":"hydro-area","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/renewablesnb.ca\/fr\/hydro-area\/","title":{"rendered":"Hydro\u00e9lectricit\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Depuis plus de 2000 ans, les humains utilisent l\u2019\u00e9nergie m\u00e9canique d\u00e9coulant du mouvement de l\u2019eau pour, entre autres, moudre le grain et irriguer les champs. Les usages sont nombreux. Les civilisations m\u00e9di\u00e9vales ont con\u00e7u la roue \u00e0 aubes pour concasser le minerai en m\u00e9tallurgie, moudre le bois en p\u00e2te pour la fabrication de papier et transformer le bois d\u2019\u0153uvre dans les scieries. Bernard Forest de B\u00e9lidor, un ing\u00e9nieur fran\u00e7ais, a d\u00e9crit au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1700 dans son livre&nbsp;<i>Architecture Hydraulique<\/i>&nbsp;la machinerie hydraulique qui sera par la suite adapt\u00e9e pour la production hydro\u00e9lectrique.<\/p>\n<p>Cette machine a \u00e9t\u00e9 am\u00e9lior\u00e9e pour donner la premi\u00e8re centrale hydro\u00e9lectrique mondiale, achev\u00e9e en Angleterre en 1878 et utilis\u00e9e pour alimenter une seule lampe. L\u2019hydro\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 est arriv\u00e9e au Nouveau-Brunswick en 1881, avec la construction du barrage de Milltown \u2013 le plus vieux barrage hydro\u00e9lectrique au Canada. La production hydro\u00e9lectrique a depuis pris son essor pour devenir le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9nergie renouvelable offrant la plus grosse capacit\u00e9 du monde, avec plus de 1000&nbsp;<abbr title=\"gigawatt\">GW<\/abbr>&nbsp;. Le Canada poss\u00e8de 76&nbsp;<abbr title=\"gigawatt\">GW<\/abbr>&nbsp;de puissance install\u00e9e et le Nouveau-Brunswick, \u00e0 peine moins de 1&nbsp;<abbr title=\"gigawatt\">GW<\/abbr>.<\/p>\n<h2>Barrages hydro\u00e9lectriques<\/h2>\n<p>Les barrages hydro\u00e9lectriques sont les ouvrages les plus courants et les plus utilis\u00e9s pour produire de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 \u00e0 partir de l\u2019eau. Quand celle-ci les traverse, ils font tourner une turbine qui produit de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Il existe deux principaux types de barrages hydro\u00e9lectriques : les barrages conventionnels et les barrages au fil de l\u2019eau.<\/p>\n<p>Les barrages conventionnels comportent un vaste r\u00e9servoir d\u2019eau en amont et sont travers\u00e9s par une partie de cette eau. Le niveau d\u2019eau relev\u00e9, appel\u00e9&nbsp;<i>charge,<\/i>&nbsp;fournit l\u2019\u00e9nergie potentielle n\u00e9cessaire pour que l\u2019eau circule dans le barrage. En circulant, l\u2019eau actionne une turbine qui produit de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Une variante des barrages conventionnels est le barrage \u00e0 r\u00e9serve pomp\u00e9e, o\u00f9 une partie de l\u2019eau provenant du r\u00e9servoir est pomp\u00e9e par une turbine pour produire de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, au lieu de recourir \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie fournie par la charge.<\/p>\n<p>Les barrages au fil de l\u2019eau sont con\u00e7us pour le d\u00e9bit normal d\u2019un cours d\u2019eau et ne comportent pas de r\u00e9servoir. Des variantes de ce concept sont utilis\u00e9es dans les microcentrales hydro\u00e9lectriques, qui d\u00e9tournent une portion du cours d\u2019eau pour alimenter une turbine, avant de la ramener dans le cours d\u2019eau principal.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c9nergie mar\u00e9motrice<\/h2>\n<p>La mont\u00e9e et la descente des mar\u00e9es rec\u00e8lent une grande quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9nergie qui peut \u00eatre convertie en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Il existe de nombreux concepts diff\u00e9rents de centrale pouvant tirer de l\u2019\u00e9nergie des mar\u00e9es. Les g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrices de courant de mar\u00e9e exploitent la circulation d\u2019eau dans une turbine pour produire de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 au flux et au reflux. Les barrages mar\u00e9moteurs canalisent la mar\u00e9e montante dans un bassin, qui est ensuite ferm\u00e9 pour emp\u00eacher l\u2019eau de s\u2019\u00e9chapper quand la mar\u00e9e descend. L\u2019eau du bassin est ensuite lib\u00e9r\u00e9e comme dans un barrage hydro\u00e9lectrique et vient actionner une turbine en s\u2019\u00e9coulant, ce qui produit de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Il existe actuellement tr\u00e8s peu de centrales mar\u00e9motrices, mais les mar\u00e9es de la baie de Fundy, les plus grosses du monde, sont r\u00e9put\u00e9es avoir un potentiel \u00e9norme. La centrale d\u2019Annapolis Royal, en Nouvelle-\u00c9cosse, est la troisi\u00e8me centrale mar\u00e9motrice en importance du monde. Capable de produire 20<abbr title=\"Mega Watt\">MW<\/abbr>&nbsp;(contre 240<abbr title=\"Mega Watt\">MW<\/abbr>&nbsp;pour l\u2019usine de la Rance, en France, et 254<abbr title=\"Mega Watt\">MW<\/abbr>&nbsp;pour la centrale du lac Sihwa, en Cor\u00e9e du Sud), elle est situ\u00e9e dans le bassin de l\u2019Annapolis, un sous-bassin de la baie de Fundy. On estime que la baie Fundy poss\u00e8de un potentiel permettant de produire environ 7000<abbr title=\"Mega Watt\">MW<\/abbr>&nbsp;\u2013 suffisamment pour alimenter tout le Canada atlantique.<\/p>\n<h2>Impact environnemental<\/h2>\n<p>Une des principales pr\u00e9occupations concernant l\u2019am\u00e9nagement de centrales hydro\u00e9lectriques est l\u2019impact sur l\u2019environnement maritime \u00e0 proximit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Inonder des bassins pour cr\u00e9er des barrages \u00e0 r\u00e9servoir peut avoir des effets consid\u00e9rables sur l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me local. Les d\u00e9placements d\u2019animaux, la modification de la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019eau, le fait de noyer la flore et l\u2019affectation des sols soul\u00e8vent fr\u00e9quemment des inqui\u00e9tudes au moment d\u2019am\u00e9nager de tels ouvrages. En ce qui concerne les barrages au fil de l\u2019eau, la nouvelle structure peut faire obstacle aux poissons migrateurs, comme le saumon.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/canadianriversinstitute.com\/research\/mactaquac-aquatic-ecosystem-study\/\">Les barrages au fil de l\u2019eau sont parfois munis de dispositifs permettant aux poissons migrateurs de les contourner, appel\u00e9s \u00e9chelles \u00e0 poissons<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Endiguer une baie pour am\u00e9nager une centrale mar\u00e9motrice peut avoir un impact sur les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes aquatiques et peut pi\u00e9ger les animaux qui passent accidentellement dans des zones isol\u00e9es. Certaines g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrices mar\u00e9motrices peuvent aussi cr\u00e9er des courants qui d\u00e9rangent le fond marin environnant. \u00c0 cause de la grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de concepts de centrales mar\u00e9motrices, une \u00e9valuation environnementale locale approfondie devrait \u00eatre effectu\u00e9e pour s\u2019assurer que la centrale n\u2019a pas d\u2019impact n\u00e9gatif sur l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n<p>Comme pour tout proc\u00e9d\u00e9, la fabrication et la fin de vie des ouvrages hydro\u00e9lectriques peuvent produire des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre dangereux. Les centrales hydro\u00e9lectriques ont une dur\u00e9e de vie de 50 \u00e0 100 ans, ce qui signifie que l\u2019\u00e9nergie propre qu\u2019elles produisent pendant cette p\u00e9riode compense ces \u00e9missions. Quand des proc\u00e9dures d\u2019exploitation appropri\u00e9es sont suivies, les barrages ne devraient pas produire de polluants en suspension dans l\u2019eau pendant l\u2019am\u00e9nagement ou l\u2019enl\u00e8vement.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Humans have used the mechanical energy of moving water for over 2000 years to grind grain, irrigate fields, and many other applications. Medieval civilizations further developed water wheel technology to crush ores for metallurgy, grind wood to pulp for papermaking, and to process lumber in sawmills. Bernard Forest de B\u00e9lidor, a French engineer, published the hydraulic machinery that would later be adapted for hydroelectric power in his book&nbsp;Architecture Hydraulique&nbsp;in the mid-1700s. As the process was further refined, the world\u2019s first hydroelectric project was completed in England in 1878, and used to power a single lamp. Hydroelectricity came to New Brunswick in 1881 with the construction of the Milltown Dam \u2013 the oldest hydroelectric dam in Canada. Hydroelectric generation has since blossomed into the highest capacity renewable energy technology worldwide, surpassing 1000&nbsp;GW&nbsp;internationally. Canada has 76&nbsp;GW&nbsp;of installed capacity, and New Brunswick contains just under 1&nbsp;GW. Hydroelectric dams Hydroelectric dams are the most common and established hydropower technology for energy generation. As water passes through a hydroelectric dam, it spins a turbine generating electricity. There are 2 major types of hydroelectric dams: a conventional dam and a run-of-the-river dam. Conventional dams store a large reservoir of water behind them, and allow some of the water to pass through. The raised water level, referred to as the&nbsp;head&nbsp;of the dam, provides the potential energy required for the water to flow through the dam. The passing water spins a turbine in order to generate electricity. A variation on the conventional dam is a pumped-storage dam, where some water from the reservoir is pumped through a turbine to generate electricity, rather than relying on the energy provided by the head. Run-of-the-river dams instead are designed for the regular flow rate of the river, instead of creating a reservoir. Variations on the run-of-the-river dam are used for micro-hydro generating stations, which divert a section of the normal river through a turbine before re-joining the main waterway. Tidal power The rising and falling of the tides contain a large amount of energy that may be converted to electricity. There are a number of different generating station designs that can extract energy from tides. Tidal stream generators rely on the flow of water through a turbine to generate energy as the tides come in and recede. Tidal barrages channel the incoming tides into a basin, which is then closed off to prevent the water from leaving as the tide goes out. The water in the basin is then released similar to a hydroelectric dam, spinning a turbine to generate electricity as it exits. There are currently very few tidal power generating stations, however the Bay of Fundy\u2019s largest tides in the world are recognized for their incredible generation potential. Annapolis Royal Generating Station in Nova Scotia is the 3rd largest tidal power station in the world, with the capacity to generate 20MW&nbsp;(behind France\u2019s 240MW&nbsp;Rance Tidal Power Generating Station and South Korea\u2019s 254MW&nbsp;Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station), and is located in the Annapolis Basin, a sub-basin of the Bay of Fundy. It is estimated that there is room for generating stations to produce approximately 7000MW&nbsp;in the Bay of Fundy \u2014 enough to supply power for all of Atlantic Canada. Environmental impacts A major concern with installing hydropower stations is the impact on the surrounding marine environments. Flooding basins for reservoir dams can have a drastic impact on the local ecosystem. Displacing animals, changing water temperatures, drowning flora, and other land-use concerns are common when one of these dams is being installed. For run-of-the-river dams, migrating fish such as salmon can be blocked due to the new structure. Run-of-the-river dams often feature methods to allow migrating fish to travel around the dam. Damming bays for tidal generating sites can impact aquatic ecosystems, and may trap animals that accidentally travel into isolated areas. Certain tidal generators may also create currents that disrupt the surrounding ocean floor. Due to the wide variety tidal generating station design, an extensive local environmental assessment should be done to ensure that these generating stations do not have a negative impact on the surrounding ecosystem. As with all technologies the manufacturing and end-of-life of hydroelectric structures can produce harmful greenhouse gas emissions. Hydropower plans have lifespans of 50\u2013100 years, meaning that the clean energy they produce over this time helps to compensate for these emissions. With correct operational procedures, dams should not produce any waterborne pollutants during installation or removal.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-template.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2259","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/renewablesnb.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2259","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/renewablesnb.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/renewablesnb.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/renewablesnb.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/renewablesnb.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2259"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/renewablesnb.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2259\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2261,"href":"https:\/\/renewablesnb.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2259\/revisions\/2261"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/renewablesnb.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2259"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}